Neurology

Stroke & Cerebrovascular · Epilepsy & Seizures · Movement Disorders · Multiple Sclerosis & Inflammatory · Headache, Vertigo & Syncope · Neuromuscular & Peripheral Nerve · Cord, CSF & Structural · Cognitive, Visual & Miscellaneous

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Stroke & Cerebrovascular

Stroke: Management — Maintain blood glucose, hydration, oxygen saturation and temperature within normal limits · do not lower blood pressure
Subarachnoid Haemorrhage — Subarachnoid haemorrhage A subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is an intracranial haemorrhage that is defined as the presence
Stroke: Assessment — Stroke: assessment Whilst the diagnosis of stroke may sometimes be obvious in many cases the presenting symptoms may be
Transient Ischaemic Attack — TIA is now defined tissue-based, not time-based: transient neurological dysfunction from focal ischaemia WITHOUT acute i
Aspirin — Bell's palsy is treated with prednisolone, which increases the likelihood of complete recovery
Stroke: Overview — In facial nerve palsy, upper motor neuron lesions spare the upper face (i.e. forehead)
Thrombolysis and Thrombectomy — A combination of thrombolysis (alteplase OR tenecteplase — NG128 was amended in 2025 to include tenecteplase) AND thromb
Middle Meningeal Artery — Middle meningeal artery Extradural or subdural haemorrhage? Extradural = lucid period, usually following major head inju
Retinal/Ophthalmic Artery — Amaurosis fugax is transient monocular vision loss caused by retinal ischaemia, most commonly embolic from carotid arter
Carotid Artery Endarterectomy — With regards to carotid artery endarterectomy:
Lacunar Strokes — Lacunar strokes

Epilepsy & Seizures

Sodium Valproate — Sodium valproate Sodium valproate is used in the management of epilepsy and is first-line therapy for generalised seizur
Epilepsy: Pregnancy and Breast Feeding — Epilepsy: pregnancy and breast feeding The risks of uncontrolled epilepsy during pregnancy generally outweigh the risks
Epilepsy: Treatment — Most neurologists start antiepileptics after a SECOND seizure; NICE: consider after first seizure if neurological defici
Generalised Tonic-Clonic Seizures — Generalised tonic-clonic seizures
Myoclonic Seizures — sodium valproate
Ethosuximide — Ethosuximide is first-line for absence (petit mal) seizures
Absence Seizures (Petit Mal) — Absence seizures* (Petit mal)

Movement Disorders

L-Dopa — Essential tremor is a postural tremor, worse if the arms are outstretched
Parkinson's Disease: Management — Diagnosis and initiation of treatment should be by a specialist with expertise in movement disorders (NICE NG71).
Essential Tremor — Essential tremor Essential tremor (previously called benign essential tremor) is an autosornal dominant condition which
Myotonic Dystrophy — Myotonic dystrophy Myotonic dystrophy (also called dystrophia myotonica) is an inherited myopathy with features developi
Parkinson's Disease: Features — Parkinson's disease: features Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative condition caused by degeneration of
Bromocriptine — Bromocriptine Intravenous aciclovir Cyproheptadine The presentation is characteristic of neuroleptic malignant syndrome,

Multiple Sclerosis & Inflammatory

Paraneoplastic Syndromes Affecting the Nervous System — Paraneoplastic syndromes affecting nervous system Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome
Varicella Myelitis — Varicella zoster can rarely cause a transverse myelitis, presenting with limb weakness, a sensory level and sphincter di
Anti-Nmda Receptor Encephalitis — Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis Rabies Japanese encephalitis Mania Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is a paraneoplastic s
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (Neurological Features) — Systemic lupus erythematosus: neurological features
Multiple Sclerosis — Multiple sclerosis Multiple system atrophy Whilst postural hypotension may be seen in Parkinson's disease the ataxic gai
Anti-Yo — associated with ovarian and breast cancer

Headache, Vertigo & Syncope

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo — Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is one of the most common causes of ver
Post-Lumbar Puncture Headache — Post-lumbar puncture headache Headache following lumbar puncture (LP) occurs in approximately one- third of patients. Th
Syncope — simple faint: no restriction
Vestibular Neuronitis — Vestibular neuronitis Vestibular neuronitis is a cause of vertigo that often develops following a viral infection. Featu
Migraine and Menstruation — Migraine and menstruation

Neuromuscular & Peripheral Nerve

Hereditary Sensorimotor Neuropathy (Charcot-Marie-Tooth) — HSMN Hereditary sensorimotor neuropathy (HSMN) is a relatively new term which encompasses Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (a
Bell's Palsy — Bell's palsy Bell's palsy may be defined as an acute, unilateral, idiopathic, facial nerve paralysis. The aetiology is u
Foot Drop — Foot drop Foot drop is a result of weakness of the foot dorsiflexors. Possible causes include:
Voltage-Gated Calcium-Channel Antibodies — Voltage-gated calcium-channel antibodies Lambert-Eaton syndrome or myasthenia gravis? Weakness in Lambert Eaton improves
Common Peroneal Nerve Lesion — Common peroneal nerve lesion The sciatic nerve divides into the tibial and common peroneal nerves. Injury often occurs a
Facial Canal Path — Facial canal path

Cord, CSF & Structural

Arnold-Chiari Malformation — Arnold-Chiari malformation describes the downward displacement, or herniation, of the cerebellar tonsils through the for
Spinal Cord Lesions — Spinal cord lesions The diagram be lows shows cross-section view of the spinal cord: Moler and descendJng (efferent) l p
Anterior Spinal Artery Syndrome — Anterior spinal artery occlusion causes bilateral spastic paresis with loss of pain and temperature sensation
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus — Normal pressure hydrocephalus Normal pressure hydrocephalus is a reversible cause of dementia seen in elderly patients.
Spastic Paraparesis — Spastic paraparesis Spastic paraparesis describes a upper motor neuron pattern of weakness in the lower limbs Causes

Cognitive, Visual & Miscellaneous

Cadasil — CADASIL (cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy) is a rare inherited
Neck Lumps — CamSc.an,ner ~ '....,.i;lo-" ~~I Neck lumps The table below gives characteristic exam question features for conditions c
Wernicke's Encephalopathy — Wernicke's encephalopathy Wernicke's encephalopathy is a neuropsychiatric disorder caused by thiamine deficiency which i
Third Nerve Palsy — Third nerve palsy Features
Pituitary Apoplexy — Pituitary apoplexy Sudden enlargement of pituitary tumour secondary to haemorrhage or infarction. Features
Otosclerosis — Otosclerosis is characterised by conductive hearing loss, tinnitus and positive family history
Alzheimer's Dementia — Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, with progressive memory loss and cognitive decline
Other Prion Diseases — Other prion diseases
Antimuscarinics — Antimuscarinics
Cystic Hygroma — Cystic hygroma Branchial cyst A congenital lymphatic lesion (lymphangioma) typically found in the neck, classically on t
Cerebellum Lesions — Cerebellum lesions
Homonymous Quadrantanopias — superior: lesion of temporal lobe
Neurofibromatosis — Nturofibromatosis Caf~-la AJullar)•/groin freckles spots P ochromocytom Neurocutaneous F2 cou tic: neurom arn:I O\her CN
Homonymous Hemianopia — Homonymous hemianopia
Hypothalamus — Hypothalamus vs medulla oblongata
Triptans — Triptans are specific 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D agonists used in the acute treatment of migraine. They are generally used first-
Cataplexy — Cataplexy Cataplexy describes the sudden and transient loss of muscular tone caused by strong emotion (e.g. laughter, be